An International Comparative Study of Central Business Districts
Morphological Development
Zi An Ee, He Huang
Abstract：This study examines ten globally representative central business districts (CBDs) and delineates their development
trajectories and governance mechanisms. We examine the characteristics of spatial evolution across these cases from
1980 to 2024, using the floor area ratio (FAR) as a core indicator. The case studies reveal several key features of CBD
spatial transformation: a shift from market-driven monocentric agglomeration to state-led polycentric spatial layouts;
market-driven models exhibiting incremental renewal and diverse fabric; state-led models characterized by centralized
planning and regularized high-rise clusters; and hybrid models balancing macro-planning with market mechanisms.
Economic development, catalytic events, and the circulation of capital across regions have primarily driven the
spatial growth of CBDs. Currently, CBDs are experiencing profound changes, and their future competitiveness will
increasingly depend on the ability to provide inclusive, sustainable, and diverse urban experiences, shaping adaptive
and resilient urban cores. This study contributes empirical, data-driven insights into the spatial evolution and driving
mechanisms of CBDs, aiming to inform sustainable development strategies for future CBD planning.
